PaleoDB taxon number: 39710
Parent taxon: Sphenisciformes according to J. F. Clements et al. 2017
See also Acosta Hospitaleche 2007, Acosta Hospitaleche 2014, Acosta Hospitaleche et al. 2008, Acosta Hospitaleche et al. 2006, Acosta Hospitaleche and Reguero 2010, Acosta Hospitaleche and Stucchi 2005, Acosta Hospitaleche et al. 2004, Acosta Hospitaleche et al. 2007, Acosta Hospitaleche and Tambussi 2008, Ameghino 1905, Baird 1992, Brodkorb 1963, Carroll 1988, Chávez Hoffmeister et al. 2014, Cheneval 1993, Clarke et al. 2003, del Hoyo et al. 2014, Gohlich 2007, Jadwiszczak 2006, Jadwiszczak 2012, Jadwiszczak et al. 2013, Jadwiszczak and Mörs 2011, Jadwiszczak and Mörs 2019, Jenkins 1974, Jenkins 1985, Lambrecht 1933, Livezey and Zusi 2007, Mayr 2005, Mayr 2011, Moreno and Mercerat 1891, Myrcha et al. 2002, Olson 1985, Park 2014, Park and Fitzgerald 2012, Simpson 1971, Simpson 1971, Simpson 1979, Simpson 1981, Stucchi et al. 2003, Tambussi et al. 2006, Tambussi et al. 2005 and Walsh and Suarez 2006
Sister taxa: Anthropornis, Aprosdokitos, Archaeospheniscus, Delphinornis, Duntroonornis, Icadyptes, Inkayacu, Kaiika, Kairuku, Korora, Kumimanu, Kupoupou, Marambiornis, Mesetaornis, Muriwaimanu, Pachydyptes, Palaeospheniscinae, Paraptenodytinae, Perudyptes, Platydyptes, Sequiwaimanu, Tonniornis, Waimanu, Wimanornis
Subtaxa: Anthropodyptes, Anthropornithinae, Aptenodytes, Apterodytes ictus, Arthrodytes, Crossvallia, Dege, Delphinornis gracilis, Eudyptes, Eudyptula, Ichtyopteryx, Inguza, Madrynornis, Marplesornis, Megadyptes, Neculus, Nucleornis, Orthopteryx, Orthopteryx gigas, Palaeeudyptes, Palaeeudyptinae, Palaeoapterodytes, Paraptenodytes, Pseudaptenodytes, Pygoscelis, Spheniscinae, Spheniscus, Tereingaornis
Ecology: ground dwelling carnivore
Environments: marine (19 collections), coastal (17), terrestrial (5), estuary/bay (3), cave (3), marginal marine (3), foreshore (3), carbonate (2), lagoonal/restricted shallow subtidal (2), paralic (2), delta plain (2), offshore shelf (2), dune (2), "floodplain" (1), fluvial (1), shoreface (1), deep subtidal shelf (1), offshore (1)
Age range: 55.8 to 0.0 Ma
Distribution:
• Quaternary of Australia (3 collections), French Southern Territories (1), New Zealand (18)
• Pliocene of Chile (3), New Zealand (3), South Africa (5)
• Miocene to Pliocene of Australia (1), Chile (2), South Africa (1)
• Miocene of Antarctica (1), Argentina (4), Australia (5), Chile (4), Peru (8), South Africa (1)
• Waitakian of New Zealand (2)
• Oligocene to Miocene of Antarctica (3)
• Oligocene of Australia (1), New Zealand (3)
• Whaingaroan of New Zealand (4)
• Eocene to Oligocene of Antarctica (1)
• Eocene of Antarctica (19), Argentina (1), Australia (1), Chile (3), New Zealand (1), Peru (1)
• Paleocene of Antarctica (1)
Total: 101 collections including 145 occurrences