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Gateway to the Paleobiology Database

Published time scales

rank
continent
period
Global
eon/eonothem
1: Eons [Gradstein et al. 2004]
era/erathem
2: Eras [Gradstein et al. 2004]
period/system
2009 IUGS Cenozoic Periods [Gibbard et al. 2010]
3: Periods [Gradstein et al. 2004]
2: Periods [Harland et al. 1990]
Proterozoic Periods of Harland [Knoll et al. 2006]
subperiod/system
4: Carboniferous Subperiods [Gradstein et al. 2004]
3: Cenozoic Subperiods [Harland et al. 1990]
epoch/series
Silurian Epochs [Cramer et al. 2011]
Cambrian Epochs [Erwin and Bowring 2004]
2009 IUGS Cenozoic Epochs [Gibbard et al. 2010]
Cambrian Epochs of Harland [Gradstein et al. 2004]
4: Epochs [Harland et al. 1990]
Subcommission on Carboniferous Stratigraphy Global Series [Heckel and Clayton 2006]
Ordovician Series [Webby 1998]
subepoch/series
2009 IUGS Pleistocene Subepochs [Gibbard et al. 2010]
6: Cenozoic Subepochs [Gradstein et al. 2004]
5: Subepochs [Harland et al. 1990]
age/stage
Givetian, Frasnian, and Famennian Substages [Becker et al. 2004]
Cenozoic Stages [Berggren et al. 1995]
Bergström et al. Ordovician Stages of Webby et al. [Bergström et al. 2006]
Cambrian of Siberia [Budd 2003]
Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary [Burckhardt and Ouvrard 2012]
Silurian Ages [Cramer et al. 2011]
2009 IUGS Cenozoic Ages [Gibbard et al. 2010]
Mesozoic Stages [Gradstein et al. 1995]
Cambrian of Siberia [Gradstein et al. 2004]
Vendian and Cambrian Stages [Harland et al. 1990]
Subcommission on Carboniferous Stratigraphy Global Stages [Heckel and Clayton 2006]
Late Triassic Stages [Hüsing et al. 2011]
Permian Stages [Jin et al. 1997]
Frasnian and Famennian Subages [Kaufmann 2006]
Mid-Cretaceous Stages [Klimaszewski 1998]
Proterozoic Stages of Harland [Knoll et al. 2006]
Late Triassic Stages [Lucas et al. 2012]
Triassic stages [Mundil et al. 2010]
Late Triassic Stages [Olsen et al. 2011]
Jurassic Stages [Palfy et al. 2000]
Pennsylvanian-Permian Stages [Roscher and Schneider 2006]
Carboniferous and Early Permian Stages [Schmitz and Davydov 2012]
Late Permian Ages [Shen et al. 2010]
Ordovician Stages [Wang et al. 2009]
Ordovician Stages [Webby 1998]
Ordovician Stages [Webby et al. 2004]
subage/stage
Emsian Substages [Becker et al. 2004]
Albian Substages [Fiet et al. 2001]
Mesozoic Substages [Gradstein et al. 1995]
Cambrian Substages [Harland et al. 1990]
Triassic subages [Hounslow and Muttoni 2010]
Aptian Substages [Huang et al. 2010]
Norian substages [Hüsing et al. 2011]
Carnian and Norian Substages [Olsen et al. 2011]
Callovian Substages [Palfy et al. 2000]
Late Devonian Substages [Sandberg et al. 2003]
You can use this form to view the published time scales we synthesize algorithmically to produce the website's master time scale. We employ the most recently published data to fix correlations and boundary estimates involving planes between pairs of time intervals. Boundary estimates given in the original sources are presented in the individual scales.