Abundance: 0.01 to 99.37% (median 6.00%)

Latitudinal range: -40.5° to 67.8°

Habitats: (279), boreal forest/taiga (1), desert/xeric shrubland (3), montane grassland (1), temperate broadleaf/mixed forest (17), temperate coniferous forest (3), temperate savanna (2), tropical/subtropical coniferous forest (1), tropical/subtropical dry broadleaf forest (13), tropical/subtropical moist broadleaf forest (15)

Found in 335 samples

Argentina: Meliquina Valley

Armenia: Hovk-1 Cave (Unit 4) (Late Pleistocene), Godedzor Level II C (Holocene), Godedzor Level II B (Holocene), Godedzor Level II A (Holocene)

Australia: Kangaroo Valley (low cattle disturbance), Ben Boyd National Park and Nadgee Nature Reserve

Belgium: Hof van Leugenhaeghe (Holocene)

Bhutan: Lamai Goempa Research Preserve

Bulgaria: Redaka II (Late Pleistocene)

Cambodia: Chhep Wildlife Sanctuary, Mondulkiri Protected Forest, Boh Dambang (Late Pleistocene), Vat Komnou (Holocene)

Canada: Canadian National Railway (spring), Canadian National Railway (summer), Canadian National Railway (fall), Old Crow River Loc. 11A (square S30E120) (Late Pleistocene), Charlie Lake Cave (Zone IV) (Holocene), DjPp-8 (level A) (Holocene), DjPp-8 (level B) (Holocene), Pender Canal Site (trench) (Holocene), Irving-Johnston (Holocene), St. Brieux (spring 2012)

China: Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, Gouli Region, Nangunhe Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve, Yanchiwan National Nature Reserve, Dazhushan (Late Pleistocene), Ma'anshan Cave (upper layer) (Late Pleistocene), Ma'anshan Cave (lower layer) (Late Pleistocene), Tawendaliha (Holocene), Hunchun National Reserve (winter), Hunchun National Reserve (summer), Zongri type-site (Layer 1) (Holocene), Zongri type-site (Layer 2) (Holocene), Zongri type-site (Layer 3) (Holocene), Zongri type-site (Layer 4) (Holocene), Gezishan Locality 10 (Fourth layer) (Late Pleistocene), Kanas National Nature Reserve, Yujiagou (Layer 4) (Late Pleistocene), Taosi (Holocene), Zhoujiazhuang (Holocene), Mocun Cave (Late Pleistocene), Shuangta (Holocene), Gouwan (Holocene), Muzhuzhuliang (Holocene), Huoshiliang (Holocene), Tianluoshan (Holocene), Nanshan (Late Pleistocene), Xiao Midi (Late Pleistocene), Dabeigou (Late Pleistocene), Cunkong Cave (Holocene), Lower Pubu Cave (Late Pleistocene), Wuyun Cave (Middle Pleistocene), Mohui Cave (Early Pleistocene), Ganxian Cave (Middle Pleistocene), Bailongdong (Middle Pleistocene), Yanlidong (Late Stage) (Late Pleistocene), Yanlidong (Early Stage) (Middle Pleistocene), Jihong Brick Factory (Early Pleistocene), Ningyang (Early Pleistocene), Zhoukoudian Loc. 1 (Layer 3, West Section) (Middle Pleistocene)

Croatia: Northern Velebit National Park, Mujina Pecina (Level B) (Late Pleistocene), Mujina Pecina (Level C) (Late Pleistocene), Mujina Pecina (Level D1) (Late Pleistocene), Mujina Pecina (Level D2) (Late Pleistocene)

Denmark: Mullerup (bone tools) (Holocene), Mullerup (waste) (Holocene), Mullerup (unidentified) (Holocene), Smakkerup Huse (Holocene)

France: Côte d’Or, Grotte du Bison (Level I) (Late Pleistocene), Mas d'Azil (Late Pleistocene), Les Auzières 2 (Late Pleistocene), Les Canalettes (Layer 2) (Late Pleistocene), Les Canalettes (Layer 3) (Late Pleistocene), Les Canalettes (Layer 4) (Late Pleistocene), Noisetier Cave (Late Pleistocene), Chez-Pinaud Jonzac (Layer 22) (Late Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit II) (Middle Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit III) (Middle Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Units IV and V) (Middle Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit VI) (Middle Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit VII) (Middle Pleistocene), Caune de l'Arago (Unit D) (Middle Pleistocene), Saint-Vallier (LD3) (Late Pliocene), Vergisson II (Late Pleistocene), Romain-la-Roche (Middle Pleistocene), Lazaret (C II supérieur UA 13-17) (Middle Pleistocene), Payre (ensemble G) (Middle Pleistocene), Payre (ensemble F) (Middle Pleistocene), Payre (ensemble D) (Late Pleistocene), Orgnac 3 (level 1) (Middle Pleistocene), Les Pradelles (level 9) (Late Pleistocene), Les Pradelles (level 10) (Late Pleistocene), Tourville-la-Rivière (level D1) (Middle Pleistocene), Soucy 1 (Middle Pleistocene)

Georgia: Ortvale Klde (late Middle Paleolithic) (Late Pleistocene), Ortvale Klde (early Upper Paleolithic) (Late Pleistocene), Dzudzuana Cave (lower area, Unit B) (Late Pleistocene)

Germany: Havelland, Untermassfeld (Early Pleistocene), Schöningen 13 II-4 (Middle Pleistocene)

Greece: Lakonis Cave I (hearth complex) (Late Pleistocene), Lakonis Cave I (lower bone breccia) (Late Pleistocene), Kalamotó (KAL) (Early Pleistocene), Kalamotó (KLT) (Early Pleistocene)

Hungary: Oltovâny Castle (Holocene)

India: Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Valparai Plateau, Similipal Tiger Reserve (camera traps), Dachigam National Park, Takalghat (Holocene), Naikund (Holocene), Malvan (Period II) (Holocene), Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary (good habitat area), Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary (poor habitat area), Kunal - Period IA (Pre-Harappan - Layer 6) (Holocene), Kunal - Period IB (Early Harappan - Layer 5) (Holocene), Vadnagar (Ghaskol Darwaza Area) (Holocene), Vadnagar (Khari Kui (Primary School-3) Area) (Holocene), Agiabir (Period I - Narhan culture) (Holocene), Kotada Bhadli (Holocene)

Indonesia: PT. REA Kaltim Estates, PTSRH and PT SHJ, Acacia mangium plantation, Braholo Cave (Excavation Unit G6, Assemblage 4) (Late Pleistocene), Braholo Cave (Excavation Unit G6, Assemblage 3) (Late Pleistocene), Braholo Cave (Excavation Unit G6, Assemblage 2) (Late Pleistocene), Braholo Cave (Excavation Unit G6, Assemblage 1) (Holocene), Ngalau Gupin-B (Middle Pleistocene)

Iran: Wezmeh Cave (Late Pleistocene), Golestan National Park, Kobeh Cave (Late Pleistocene), Tappeh Sang-e Chakhmaq (West Mound) (Holocene), Tappeh Sang-e Chakhmaq (East Mound) (Holocene)

Iraq: Palegawra Cave (Late Pleistocene)

Israel: Manot Cave (Area D, Biogenic Unit) (Late Pleistocene), Yiftah'el (Holocene), Marj Rabba (Holocene), Revadim Quarry (Middle Pleistocene), Revadim Quarry Area B (Middle Pleistocene), Qesem Cave Hearth unit (Middle Pleistocene), Qesem Cave LSBS (Middle Pleistocene), Ein Gev I (Late Pleistocene), Oumm Qatafa Cave (layer D2) (Middle Pleistocene)

Italy: Western Trento Province (2012), Cava Muracci (Late Pleistocene), Riparo Biarzo (SU 5) (Late Pleistocene), Riparo Biarzo (SU 4 + 3B) (Holocene), Riparo Biarzo (SU 3A) (Holocene), Mondeval de Sora (SU 8) (Holocene), Mondeval de Sora (SU 31) (Holocene), San Teodoro Cave (Unit B-I) (Late Pleistocene), San Teodoro Cave (Unit B-II) (Late Pleistocene), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer D-E3) (Late Pleistocene), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer C2) (Late Pleistocene), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer C1) (Late Pleistocene), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer B) (Late Pleistocene), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer A) (Holocene), La Sassa Cave (Late Pleistocene), Casal Selce 2 (Middle Pleistocene), Poggetti Vecchi (Middle Pleistocene), Isernia La Pineta (3 colluvio level) (Middle Pleistocene), Capalbiaccio (Building J, Level III) (Holocene), Grotta Cucgiliana (Late Pleistocene), Casal de'Pazzi (Middle Pleistocene)

Japan: Mt. Ohdaigahara (eastern area), Fujiyoshida City, Hanaizumi (Late Pleistocene), Obihiro (wildlife overpass), Torihama (Holocene), Matsugae (Middle Pleistocene)

Jordan: Wadi Taiyiba (WT6) (Late Pleistocene), Khirbat al-Mudayna al-'Aliya (Holocene)

Kazakhstan: Begash (Phase 1a) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 1b) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 2) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 3a) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 3b) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 4) (Holocene)

Lebanon: Moghr el-Ahwal Cave 3 (Phases F & E) (Late Pleistocene)

Malaysia: Merapoh, Planted Forest Zone, Deramakot Forest Reserve, Krau Wildlife Reserve (fruit garden), Krau Wildlife Reserve (control), Imbak Canyon Conservation Area, Maliau Basin Conservation Area, Segaliud Lokan Forest Reserve, Anap Sustainable Development Unit, Endau Rompin National Park

Montenegro: Trlica (Bed 10) (Early Pleistocene), Trlica (Bed 5) (Middle Pleistocene)

Myanmar: Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary (Outside the Core), Kweenkoh, Mae Nyaw Kee South

North Korea: Chongphadae Cave (Late Pleistocene)

Poland: Raj Cave (layer 4) (Late Pleistocene), Raj Cave (layer 6) (Late Pleistocene), Borsuka Cave (Layer III) (Holocene), Sadowie 2 (Early Bronze Age) (Holocene)

Portugal: Picareiro Cave (Layer D) (Holocene), Picareiro Cave (Layer E - Top) (Pleistocene - Holocene), Picareiro Cave (Layer E - Middle) (Late Pleistocene), Picareiro Cave (Layer E - Lower) (Late Pleistocene), Picareiro Cave (Layer F) (Late Pleistocene), Picareiro Cave (Layer G) (Late Pleistocene), Torre Velha (Holocene), Vale do Mouro (Stage 3) (Holocene), Foz do Enxarrique (Late Pleistocene), Gruta de Figueira Brava (Area C) (Late Pleistocene)

Romania: Southern Transylvania, Noviodunum (TPF sector, Roman period) (Holocene), Noviodunum (TPF sector, Middle Ages) (Holocene)

Russia: Geographical Society Cave (Late Pleistocene), Bugul'deika II Layer II-2 (Holocene), Sagan-Zaba II (Layer 2) (Holocene), Sagan-Zaba II (Layer 3A) (Holocene), Sagan-Zaba II (Layer 3B) (Holocene), Chagyrskaya Cave (Layer 5) (Late Pleistocene), Chagyrskaya Cave (Layer 6) (Late Pleistocene), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 2A) (Late Pleistocene), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 2B) (Late Pleistocene), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 3) (Late Pleistocene), Khayrgas Cave - Layer 4 (1998-1999 pit) (Holocene), Khayrgas Cave - Layer 6 (1998-1999 pit) (Late Pleistocene), Khayrgas Cave - Layer 7 (1998–1999 pit) (Late Pleistocene)

Serbia: Garicin Grad (southeast corner tower, first phase) (Holocene), Garicin Grad (southeast corner tower, second phase) (Holocene)

Spain: Casablanca I (Early Pleistocene), Abric Romaní (Level Ja) (Late Pleistocene), Abric Romaní (Level Jb) (Late Pleistocene), Jou Puerta (Late Pleistocene), El Horno Cave (Level 1) (Late Pleistocene), El Horno Cave (Level 2) (Late Pleistocene), Imanolen Arrobia (Late Pleistocene), Cueva del Angel (Late Pleistocene), El Mirador Cave (Holocene), Cueva de Nerja (Last Glacial Maximum) (Late Pleistocene), Cueva de Nerja (Tardiglacial) (Late Pleistocene), Cueva de Nerja (Early Holocene) (Holocene), El Mirón Cave (Azilian) (Holocene), El Mirón Cave (Final Magdalenian) (Pleistocene - Holocene), El Mirón Cave (Upper Magdalenian) (Late Pleistocene), El Mirón Cave (Middle Magdalenian) (Late Pleistocene), La Fragua Cave (Level 1) (Holocene), La Fragua Cave (Level 2) (Holocene), La Fragua Cave (Level 3) (Holocene), La Fragua Cave (Level 4) (Late Pleistocene), El Cierro Cave (Level B) (Holocene), El Cierro Cave (Level C) (Late Pleistocene), El Cierro Cave (Level C/D) (Late Pleistocene), El Cierro Cave (Level D) (Late Pleistocene), Fortress of Vilars (sector 7/1) (Holocene), Fortress of Vilars (sector 7/3) (Holocene), Punta Lucero Quarry (Middle Pleistocene), Bolomor Cave (Level XI) (Middle Pleistocene), Bolomor Cave (Level XVIIc) (Middle Pleistocene), Bolomor Cave (Level XII) (Middle Pleistocene), Bolomor Cave (Level IV) (Middle Pleistocene), Barranc de la Boella (La Mina 2) (Early Pleistocene), Barranc de la Boella (El Forn 1) (Early Pleistocene), Barranc de la Boella (El Forn 2) (Early Pleistocene), Barranc de la Boella (El Forn 3) (Early Pleistocene), Barranc de la Boella (El Forn 4) (Early Pleistocene), Punta Lucero III (Level F) (Holocene), Ambrona (AS1) (Middle Pleistocene), Gran Dolina (TD6.3) (Early Pleistocene), La Puebla de Valverde (Early Pleistocene), Villarroya 88-89 (Late Pliocene)

Taiwan: Nanzihshian (camera traps, April)

Thailand: Khao Yai National Park, Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary, Cave of the Monk (Area 1) (Late Pleistocene), Spirit Cave (Layer 2) (Holocene), Spirit Cave (Layer 2A) (Holocene), Spirit Cave (Layer 4) (Late Pleistocene), Ban Rai rockshelter (Holocene), Tham Lod rockshelter (Unit 1) (Late Pleistocene), Tham Lod rockshelter (Unit 2) (Late Pleistocene), Tham Lod rockshelter (Unit 3) (Late Pleistocene), Doi Pha Kan (Late Pleistocene)

Turkey: Calta (Early Pliocene), Göbekli Tepe (Enclosure D) (Holocene), Ulucak Höyük (Level V) (Holocene), Ulucak Höyük (Level IV) (Holocene), Direkli Cave (Holocene)

Ukraine: Prolom II (Late Pleistocene), Mirnoe (Holocene), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3B) (Late Pleistocene), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3) (Late Pleistocene), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3A) (Late Pleistocene), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3-x) (Late Pleistocene), Buran-Kaya III Layer 4 (Late Pleistocene), Medzhibozh 1 (horizon 16a) (Middle Pleistocene)

United Kingdom: Balderton Sand and Gravel (Middle Pleistocene)

United States: North Fork of the Cache la Poudre River, Davis Mountain Preserve, Crystal Ball Cave (Late Pleistocene), Papago Springs Cave (Late Pleistocene), North Creek Shelter (Early Archaic) (Holocene), Hulme Site (Holocene), Lower Walnut Settlement (Holocene), Angel Site (Subdivision W10D) (Holocene), Wewukiyepuh (Holocene), Trappers Point (Stratum III) (Holocene), Trappers Point (Stratum V) (Holocene), Trappers Point (Stratum VII) (Holocene), Weber I (Middle Archaic) (Holocene), Weber I (Late Archaic) (Holocene), Hobson Site (Holocene), Hale Farm (Holocene), Dead Indian Creek (Holocene), Guard (Holocene), Prison Farm (Holocene), Cole Gravel Pit (Holocene), Baker Village (Holocene), Scovill (Holocene), Hosterman's Pit (Holocene), Polecat Creek (alluvial gravel) (Late Pleistocene), Flagg Swamp Rockshelter (Archaic) (Holocene), Nugget Canyon, West of US 287, Marmes Rockshelter (Marmes horizon) (Holocene), Cumberland Cave (Middle Pleistocene)

Uzbekistan: Kara-tepe (Holocene)

Vietnam: Duoi U'Oi (Late Pleistocene), An Son (Holocene), Lang Trang (Cave II, breccia 5) (Late Pleistocene), Lang Trang (eastern galleries) (Late Pleistocene), Coc Muoi (Middle Pleistocene)

See also Cervus albirostris, Cervus canadensis, Cervus duvaucelii, Cervus elaphus, Cervus eldii, Cervus fengqii, Cervus grayi, Cervus hanglu, Cervus nippon, Cervus perrieri, Cervus philisi, Cervus s.l. nestii vallonnetensis, Cervus sp., Cervus sp. 1, Cervus sp. 2, Cervus spp., Cervus unicolor, Cervus yunnanensis