Cervus elaphus (ungulate)

Mass: 142 kg based on López-Olvera et al. 2013 and Bender et al. 2003

Diet: browser-grazer based on Craighead et al. 1973; grazer based on Bowyer 1981

Abundance: 0.04 to 71.43% (median 6.96%)

Latitudinal range: -40.5° to 59.9°

Habitats: (186), temperate broadleaf/mixed forest (5), temperate coniferous forest (1), temperate savanna (1)

Biogeographic distribution: Palearctic, Central Asia, Europe, Southwest Asia

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view a larger map

Found in 193 samples

Argentina: Meliquina Valley

Armenia: Hovk-1 Cave (Unit 4) (Late Pleistocene), Godedzor Level II C (Holocene), Godedzor Level II B (Holocene), Godedzor Level II A (Holocene)

Belgium: Hof van Leugenhaeghe (Holocene)

Bulgaria: Redaka II (Late Pleistocene)

China: Dazhushan (Late Pleistocene), Zongri type-site (Layer 1) (Holocene), Zongri type-site (Layer 2) (Holocene), Zongri type-site (Layer 3) (Holocene), Zongri type-site (Layer 4) (Holocene), Yujiagou (Layer 4) (Late Pleistocene), Zhoujiazhuang (Holocene), Shuangta (Holocene), Muzhuzhuliang (Holocene), Huoshiliang (Holocene), Zhoukoudian Loc. 1 (Layer 3, West Section) (Middle Pleistocene)

Croatia: Northern Velebit National Park, Mujina Pecina (Level B) (Late Pleistocene), Mujina Pecina (Level C) (Late Pleistocene), Mujina Pecina (Level D1) (Late Pleistocene), Mujina Pecina (Level D2) (Late Pleistocene)

Denmark: Mullerup (bone tools) (Holocene), Mullerup (waste) (Holocene), Mullerup (unidentified) (Holocene), Smakkerup Huse (Holocene)

France: Côte d’Or, Grotte du Bison (Level I) (Late Pleistocene), Mas d'Azil (Late Pleistocene), Les Auzières 2 (Late Pleistocene), Les Canalettes (Layer 2) (Late Pleistocene), Les Canalettes (Layer 3) (Late Pleistocene), Les Canalettes (Layer 4) (Late Pleistocene), Noisetier Cave (Late Pleistocene), Chez-Pinaud Jonzac (Layer 22) (Late Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit II) (Middle Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit III) (Middle Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Units IV and V) (Middle Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit VI) (Middle Pleistocene), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit VII) (Middle Pleistocene), Caune de l'Arago (Unit D) (Middle Pleistocene), Vergisson II (Late Pleistocene), Romain-la-Roche (Middle Pleistocene), Lazaret (C II supérieur UA 13-17) (Middle Pleistocene), Payre (ensemble G) (Middle Pleistocene), Payre (ensemble F) (Middle Pleistocene), Payre (ensemble D) (Late Pleistocene), Orgnac 3 (level 1) (Middle Pleistocene), Les Pradelles (level 9) (Late Pleistocene), Les Pradelles (level 10) (Late Pleistocene), Tourville-la-Rivière (level D1) (Middle Pleistocene), Soucy 1 (Middle Pleistocene)

Georgia: Ortvale Klde (late Middle Paleolithic) (Late Pleistocene), Ortvale Klde (early Upper Paleolithic) (Late Pleistocene), Dzudzuana Cave (lower area, Unit B) (Late Pleistocene)

Germany: Havelland, Schöningen 13 II-4 (Middle Pleistocene)

Greece: Lakonis Cave I (hearth complex) (Late Pleistocene), Lakonis Cave I (lower bone breccia) (Late Pleistocene)

Hungary: Oltovâny Castle (Holocene)

Iran: Wezmeh Cave (Late Pleistocene), Golestan National Park, Kobeh Cave (Late Pleistocene), Tappeh Sang-e Chakhmaq (West Mound) (Holocene), Tappeh Sang-e Chakhmaq (East Mound) (Holocene)

Iraq: Palegawra Cave (Late Pleistocene)

Israel: Manot Cave (Area D, Biogenic Unit) (Late Pleistocene), Yiftah'el (Holocene), Marj Rabba (Holocene), Revadim Quarry (Middle Pleistocene), Revadim Quarry Area B (Middle Pleistocene), Qesem Cave Hearth unit (Middle Pleistocene), Qesem Cave LSBS (Middle Pleistocene), Ein Gev I (Late Pleistocene), Oumm Qatafa Cave (layer D2) (Middle Pleistocene)

Italy: Western Trento Province (2012), Cava Muracci (Late Pleistocene), Riparo Biarzo (SU 5) (Late Pleistocene), Riparo Biarzo (SU 4 + 3B) (Holocene), Riparo Biarzo (SU 3A) (Holocene), Mondeval de Sora (SU 8) (Holocene), Mondeval de Sora (SU 31) (Holocene), San Teodoro Cave (Unit B-I) (Late Pleistocene), San Teodoro Cave (Unit B-II) (Late Pleistocene), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer D-E3) (Late Pleistocene), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer C2) (Late Pleistocene), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer C1) (Late Pleistocene), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer B) (Late Pleistocene), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer A) (Holocene), La Sassa Cave (Late Pleistocene), Casal Selce 2 (Middle Pleistocene), Poggetti Vecchi (Middle Pleistocene), Isernia La Pineta (3 colluvio level) (Middle Pleistocene), Capalbiaccio (Building J, Level III) (Holocene), Grotta Cucgiliana (Late Pleistocene), Casal de'Pazzi (Middle Pleistocene)

Jordan: Wadi Taiyiba (WT6) (Late Pleistocene), Khirbat al-Mudayna al-'Aliya (Holocene)

Kazakhstan: Begash (Phase 1a) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 1b) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 2) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 3a) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 3b) (Holocene), Begash (Phase 4) (Holocene)

Lebanon: Moghr el-Ahwal Cave 3 (Phases F & E) (Late Pleistocene)

Montenegro: Trlica (Bed 10) (Early Pleistocene), Trlica (Bed 5) (Middle Pleistocene)

North Korea: Chongphadae Cave (Late Pleistocene)

Poland: Raj Cave (layer 4) (Late Pleistocene), Raj Cave (layer 6) (Late Pleistocene), Borsuka Cave (Layer III) (Holocene), Sadowie 2 (Early Bronze Age) (Holocene)

Portugal: Picareiro Cave (Layer D) (Holocene), Picareiro Cave (Layer E - Top) (Pleistocene - Holocene), Picareiro Cave (Layer E - Middle) (Late Pleistocene), Picareiro Cave (Layer E - Lower) (Late Pleistocene), Picareiro Cave (Layer F) (Late Pleistocene), Picareiro Cave (Layer G) (Late Pleistocene), Torre Velha (Holocene), Vale do Mouro (Stage 3) (Holocene), Foz do Enxarrique (Late Pleistocene), Gruta de Figueira Brava (Area C) (Late Pleistocene)

Romania: Southern Transylvania, Noviodunum (TPF sector, Roman period) (Holocene), Noviodunum (TPF sector, Middle Ages) (Holocene)

Russia: Geographical Society Cave (Late Pleistocene), Bugul'deika II Layer II-2 (Holocene), Sagan-Zaba II (Layer 2) (Holocene), Sagan-Zaba II (Layer 3A) (Holocene), Sagan-Zaba II (Layer 3B) (Holocene), Chagyrskaya Cave (Layer 5) (Late Pleistocene), Chagyrskaya Cave (Layer 6) (Late Pleistocene), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 2A) (Late Pleistocene), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 2B) (Late Pleistocene), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 3) (Late Pleistocene), Khayrgas Cave - Layer 4 (1998-1999 pit) (Holocene), Khayrgas Cave - Layer 6 (1998-1999 pit) (Late Pleistocene), Khayrgas Cave - Layer 7 (1998–1999 pit) (Late Pleistocene)

Serbia: Garicin Grad (southeast corner tower, first phase) (Holocene), Garicin Grad (southeast corner tower, second phase) (Holocene)

Spain: Abric Romaní (Level Ja) (Late Pleistocene), Abric Romaní (Level Jb) (Late Pleistocene), Jou Puerta (Late Pleistocene), El Horno Cave (Level 1) (Late Pleistocene), El Horno Cave (Level 2) (Late Pleistocene), Imanolen Arrobia (Late Pleistocene), Cueva del Angel (Late Pleistocene), El Mirador Cave (Holocene), Cueva de Nerja (Last Glacial Maximum) (Late Pleistocene), Cueva de Nerja (Tardiglacial) (Late Pleistocene), Cueva de Nerja (Early Holocene) (Holocene), El Mirón Cave (Azilian) (Holocene), El Mirón Cave (Final Magdalenian) (Pleistocene - Holocene), El Mirón Cave (Upper Magdalenian) (Late Pleistocene), El Mirón Cave (Middle Magdalenian) (Late Pleistocene), La Fragua Cave (Level 1) (Holocene), La Fragua Cave (Level 2) (Holocene), La Fragua Cave (Level 3) (Holocene), La Fragua Cave (Level 4) (Late Pleistocene), El Cierro Cave (Level B) (Holocene), El Cierro Cave (Level C) (Late Pleistocene), El Cierro Cave (Level C/D) (Late Pleistocene), El Cierro Cave (Level D) (Late Pleistocene), Fortress of Vilars (sector 7/1) (Holocene), Fortress of Vilars (sector 7/3) (Holocene), Punta Lucero Quarry (Middle Pleistocene), Bolomor Cave (Level XI) (Middle Pleistocene), Bolomor Cave (Level XVIIc) (Middle Pleistocene), Bolomor Cave (Level XII) (Middle Pleistocene), Bolomor Cave (Level IV) (Middle Pleistocene), Barranc de la Boella (La Mina 2) (Early Pleistocene), Barranc de la Boella (El Forn 1) (Early Pleistocene), Barranc de la Boella (El Forn 2) (Early Pleistocene), Barranc de la Boella (El Forn 3) (Early Pleistocene), Barranc de la Boella (El Forn 4) (Early Pleistocene), Punta Lucero III (Level F) (Holocene), Ambrona (AS1) (Middle Pleistocene), Gran Dolina (TD6.3) (Early Pleistocene)

Turkey: Göbekli Tepe (Enclosure D) (Holocene), Ulucak Höyük (Level V) (Holocene), Ulucak Höyük (Level IV) (Holocene), Direkli Cave (Holocene)

Ukraine: Prolom II (Late Pleistocene), Mirnoe (Holocene), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3B) (Late Pleistocene), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3) (Late Pleistocene), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3A) (Late Pleistocene), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3-x) (Late Pleistocene), Buran-Kaya III Layer 4 (Late Pleistocene), Medzhibozh 1 (horizon 16a) (Middle Pleistocene)

United Kingdom: Balderton Sand and Gravel (Middle Pleistocene)

Uzbekistan: Kara-tepe (Holocene)

Size measurements:
♀ body mass85900 kgN = 38López-Olvera et al. 2013
♀ body mass94200 kgN = 11López-Olvera et al. 2013
♂ body mass119000 kgN = 21López-Olvera et al. 2013
♂ body mass143800 kgN = 18López-Olvera et al. 2013
♀ body mass249000 kgN = 27Bender et al. 2003
♂ body mass401000 kgN = 38Bender et al. 2003
♀ body mass85900 kgN = 38López-Olvera et al. 2013
♀ body mass94200 kgN = 11López-Olvera et al. 2013
♂ body mass119000 kgN = 21López-Olvera et al. 2013
♂ body mass143800 kgN = 18López-Olvera et al. 2013

See also Cervus, Cervus albirostris, Cervus canadensis, Cervus duvaucelii, Cervus eldii, Cervus fengqii, Cervus grayi, Cervus hanglu, Cervus nippon, Cervus perrieri, Cervus philisi, Cervus s.l. nestii vallonnetensis, Cervus sp., Cervus sp. 1, Cervus sp. 2, Cervus spp., Cervus unicolor, Cervus yunnanensis