Mass: 43 kg based on Ballard et al. 1991, Ingles 1963, and Ward 1928

Diet: carnivore based on Kolenosky and Johnston 1967

Abundance: 0.01 to 71.26% (median 1.61%)

Latitudinal range: -37.3° to 72.8°

Habitats: (196), Mediterranean woodland (4), boreal forest/taiga (6), desert/xeric shrubland (9), montane grassland (6), temperate broadleaf/mixed forest (25), temperate coniferous forest (3), temperate savanna (2), tropical/subtropical dry broadleaf forest (18), tropical/subtropical moist broadleaf forest (18), tropical/subtropical savanna (8), tundra (1)

Biogeographic distribution: Nearctic, Palearctic, Central Asia, East Asia, Europe, Southwest Asia

Found in 296 samples

Argentina: Acambuco

Armenia: Hovk-1 Cave (Unit 4), Godedzor Level II C, Godedzor Level II B, Godedzor Level II A

Australia: Goonoo State Conservation Area (on-track, pre-baiting), Ben Boyd National Park and Nadgee Nature Reserve, Taunton National Park, Groote Eylandt, Alyangula, Kurrajong (KP1), Einasleigh Uplands

Bangladesh: Patharia Hill, Tarap Hill

Belgium: Hof van Leugenhaeghe

Brazil: Estação Biológica de Santa Lúcia (primary forest), Tapiraí and Piedade Municipalities, Serra do Japi Biological Reserve (2009/2010), Quedas do Rio Bonito Ecological Park (camera trapping), Una and Arataca (forest), Una and Arataca (cabruca), Reserva Natural Vale (year 1), Iguaçu National Park, Reserva Biológica de Araras, Private Reserve of Natural Heritage Recanto das Antas, Catimbau National Park

Bulgaria: Osogovo Mountain (Natura 2000 study), Osogovo Mountain (intensive study), Osogovo Mountain (opportunistic study), Redaka II

Canada: Canadian National Railway (spring), Canadian National Railway (summer), Canadian National Railway (fall), Canadian National Railway (winter), Charlie Lake Cave (Zone IV), Learmonth Site, Peale Point House 2 (1), Keffer (Midden 57, screened), Keffer (Midden 57, floated), McNichol Creek (house depression), McNichol Creek (midden), Irving-Johnston, Cactus Flower, Winefred Lake, EMEND site (retention level 100%, replicate 1), EMEND site (retention level 100%, replicate 2), EMEND site (retention level 100%, replicate 3), Algar

China: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (camera traps), Altun Mountains, Gouli Region, Suojia Township, Mount Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve, Guanyinshan Nature Reserve, Yanchiwan National Nature Reserve, Songhua River, Tawendaliha, Hunchun National Reserve (winter), Hunchun National Reserve (summer), Zongri type-site (Layer 2), Zongri type-site (Layer 3), Zongri type-site (Layer 4), Foping National Nature Reserve (2020), Kanas National Nature Reserve, Jinsitai Cave (Layer 7), Taosi, Zhoujiazhuang, Guandimiao, Shuangta, Gouwan, Muzhuzhuliang, Huoshiliang

Colombia: Parque Nacional Natural Farallones de Cali (forest), Parque Nacional Natural Farallones de Cali (scrub), Otún Quimbaya Flora and Fauna Sanctuary (2009), Otún Quimbaya Flora and Fauna Sanctuary (2010-1), Otún Quimbaya Flora and Fauna Sanctuary (2010-2), Otún Quimbaya Flora and Fauna Sanctuary (2011)

Croatia: Northern Velebit National Park, Mujina Pecina (Level B), Mujina Pecina (Level D2)

Denmark: Mullerup (bone tools), Smakkerup Huse

Ecuador: Refugio de Vida Silvestre Marina y Costera Pacoche, La Chimba, Challuahamba

Egypt: Berenike Trogodytika (fort), Berenike Trogodytika (dump)

Ethiopia: Harlaa

France: Salève, Grotte du Bison (Level I), Mas d'Azil, Les Canalettes (Layer 3), Les Canalettes (Layer 4), Noisetier Cave, Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit II), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit III), Coudoulous I (Faunal Units IV and V), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit VI), Coudoulous I (Faunal Unit VII), Vergisson II, Romain-la-Roche, Lazaret (C II supérieur UA 13-17), Payre (ensemble G), Payre (ensemble F), Payre (ensemble D), Orgnac 3 (level 1), Les Pradelles (level 9), Les Pradelles (level 10), Tourville-la-Rivière (level D1), Lunel-Viel (level 9)

Georgia: Dzudzuana Cave (lower area, Unit B)

Germany: Salzgitter Lebenstedt, Schöningen 13 II-4

Hungary: Oltovány Castle

India: Similipal Tiger Reserve (camera traps), Akole Tahsil, Naikund, Girawad, Malvan (Period I), Malvan (Period II), Bharatpur and Jagannathprasad, Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary (poor habitat area), Kunal - Period IB (Early Harappan - Layer 5), Vadnagar (Ghaskol Darwaza Area), Vadnagar (Khari Kui (Primary School-3) Area), Mitathal (Layer 3), Kotada Bhadli, Badmal (Period IB)

Indonesia: Bawean Island (wet season), Bawean Island (dry season)

Iran: Wezmeh Cave, Golestan National Park, Kobeh Cave

Israel: Shikma Biosphere Zone (summer), Shikma Biosphere Zone (winter), Manot Cave (Area D, Biogenic Unit), Qubur al-Walaydah (Field 2), Motza (Early PPNB), Motza (Middle PPNB), Tel Ro'im West (PN), Yiftah'el, Marj Rabba, El-Wad Cave (Early Natufian)

Italy: Western Trento Province (2012), Caverna degli Orsi (sondage A, Unit 10), Caverna degli Orsi (sondage A, Unit 11.1), Cava Muracci, Mondeval de Sora (SU 8), San Teodoro Cave (Unit B-I), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer D-E3), Canale delle Acque Alte (Layer C2), La Sassa Cave, Contrada Castro (Period B), Grotta Cucgiliana, Casal de'Pazzi

Japan: Fujiyoshida City, Hotohama (2010 - 2011), Hotohama (2011 - 2012), Obihiro (wildlife overpass), Torihama

Jordan: Dana Nature Reserve, Wadi Taiyiba (WT6), Khirbat al-Mudayna al-'Aliya

Kazakhstan: Begash (Phase 1b), Begash (Phase 2), Begash (Phase 3a), Begash (Phase 3b), Begash (Phase 4)

Kyrgyzstan: Jangart Hunting Reserve (ridge)

Lebanon: Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve (spring)

Malaysia: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Mexico: La Playa, Schroeder Site (Structure 1), Xalapa, Cerro Portezuelo

Oman: Southwest Dhofar Mountains

Paraguay: Isla Alta

Peru: Cerro Baúl, Huaca Colorada (Zone A)

Poland: Raj Cave (layer 4), Raj Cave (layer 6), Sadowie 2 (Early Bronze Age)

Portugal: Vale do Mouro (Stage 2), Vale do Mouro (Stage 3), Gruta de Figueira Brava (Area C)

Romania: Southern Transylvania, Noviodunum (TPF sector, Roman period), Noviodunum (TPF sector, Middle Ages)

Russia: Geographical Society Cave, Zapovednaya, Bugul'deika II Layer II-2, Chagyrskaya Cave (Layer 5), Chagyrskaya Cave (Layer 6), Mezmaiskaya Cave (Layer 2B), Cheremukhovo-1 (Bed 10), Imanay Cave (Pleistocene Layer 1), Imanay Cave (Pleistocene Layer 2), Imanay Cave (Pleistocene Layer 3), Imanay Cave (Pleistocene Layer 4), Khayrgas Cave - Layer 4 (1998–1999 pit), Khayrgas Cave - Layer 5 (1998–1999 pit), Khayrgas Cave - Layer 7 (1998–1999 pit), Byzovaya

Senegal: Diouboye

Serbia: Garicin Grad (southeast corner tower, first phase), Garicin Grad (southeast corner tower, second phase)

South Africa: Between George and Karatara, Kloof/Hillcrest

Spain: Larraga, Abric Romaní (Level Ja), Imanolen Arrobia, Cueva del Angel, El Mirador Cave, Fortress of Vilars (sector 7/1), Fortress of Vilars (sector 7/3), Bolomor Cave (Level IV), Punta Lucero III (Level F), Can Roqueta II

Sudan: Khor Shambat 1 (Neolithic)

Switzerland: Zurich (movement photos)

Tanzania: Tli’ika

Thailand: Khao Yai National Park, Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary

Togo: Fazao-Malfakassa National Park (dry season)

Tunisia: Meninx

Turkey: Yaylacik Research Forest, Marmaris, Ciglikara Nature Reserve, Barhal Stream, Koycegiz Wildlife Development Reserve, Ulucak Höyük (Level VI), Ulucak Höyük (Level V), Ulucak Höyük (Level IV)

Ukraine: Prolom II, Mirnoe, Grot Skeliastyi (III-3B), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3A), Grot Skeliastyi (III-3-x), Buran-Kaya III Layer 4

United Arab Emirates: Early ed-Dur (50 BC - 150 AD)

United Kingdom: Lynford Quarry, Balderton Sand and Gravel

United States: North Fork of the Cache la Poudre River, Raleigh-Durham, North of the Michigamme Reservoir, Dalton Highway, The Wilds, Crystal Ball Cave, OMNH locality VI03, Papago Springs Cave, Golf Course, Rancho La Brea (Pit 91), Harrodsburg Crevice, Ripplemead, Bluegrass (macro), Hulme Site, Lower Walnut Settlement, McKinley Site (Zone A), McKinley Site (Zone B), Angel Site (Subdivision W10D), Steck, Croley-Evans, Watson Brake (6.4 mm fraction), Rattlesnake Point Pueblo (Unit 2), Cadwalader, Mykut Rockshelter, Black Cat Cave (interior), Black Cat Cave (Test Unit 1), Harris Creek, Hobson Site, Guard, Prison Farm, Pine Hill, Otter Creek No. 2 (Zone 3), Cole Gravel Pit, Baker Village, Schuiling Cave, Meyer Cave, Polecat Creek (alluvial gravel), Polecat Creek (black earth), Pintwater Cave (Unit 3, level 8), Schulze Cave (layer B), Schulze Cave (layer C2), Natural Chimneys, Flagg Swamp Rockshelter (Archaic), Molybdenum Ridge (triggered detections), Molybdenum Ridge (time-lapse detections), Black Rapids Training Area (triggered detections), Bull Neck Swamp Research Forest, West of US 287

Uzbekistan: Kyzyltepa

Vietnam: An Son

Yemen: Hawf

Zimbabwe: Ingwezi Game Management Project

♀ body mass	41800 kg	N = 14	Ballard et al. 1991
♂ body mass	47400 kg	N = 17	Ballard et al. 1991
♂ body mass	25401 kg	N = 1	Ingles 1963
body mass	27216 kg	N = 1	Ward 1928
♂ ear length	105 mm	N = 1	Ingles 1963
head and body length	1168 mm	N = 1	Ward 1928
♂ hind foot length	255 mm	N = 1	Ingles 1963
♂ tail length	400 mm	N = 1	Ingles 1963
♂ total body length	1500 mm	N = 1	Ingles 1963

See also Canis, Canis adustus, Canis anthus, Canis armbrusteri, Canis arnensis, Canis aureus, Canis chihliensis, Canis dubius, Canis etruscus, Canis falconeri, Canis latrans, Canis lycanoides, Canis mesomelas, Canis mosbachensis, Canis priscolatrans, Canis sp., Canis spp.